^B{^#!16!16 August^N! Feast day of St Stephen of Hungary, St Armel, and St Arsacius.
^B{1513^B} King Henry VIII and his troops defeated the French in the Battle of the Spurs, at Guinigatte, NW France. ^B{1743^B} The earliest prize-ring code of boxing rules was formulated in England by the champion pugilist Jack Broughton. ^B{1819^B} The Peterloo massacre took place in Manchester when militia opened fire on a crowd gathered to hear discussion of reform, killing 11 people. ^B{1897^B} Endowed by the sugar merchant Henry Tate, the Tate Gallery, in London, UK, was opened. ^B{1934^B} US explorer Charles Beebe and engineer Otis Barton made a record-breaking dive to 923 m/3028 ft in their bathysphere (a spherical diving vessel) near Bermuda. ^B{1960^B} Cyprus became an independent republic, with Archbishop Makarios as president. ^B{1974^B} Turkish forces called a cease-fire in Cyprus, after having taken control of the northern part of the island.
^B{^I{^#!14!Born ^N}Arthur Cayley, British mathematician, ^B{1821^B}; Johan Siegwald Dahl, Norwegian painter, ^B{1827^B}; Menachem Begin, Israeli statesman, ^B{1913^B}; Ted Hughes, English poet, ^B{1930^B}; Jeff Thomson, Australian cricketer, ^B{1950^B}; Madonna, US rock singer, ^B{1958^B}.^B}
^B{^I{^#!14!Died ^N}Joe Miller, English comedian, ^B{1738^B}; Robert Wilhelm Bunsen, German chemist and inventor, ^B{1899^B}; Umberto Boccioni, Italian sculptor, ^B{1916^B}; Margaret Mitchell, US novelist, ^B{1949^B}; Bela Lugosi, US film actor, ^B{1956^B}; Elvis Presley, US rock singer, ^B{1977^B}; Irene Sharaff, US film-set and costume designer, ^B{1993^B}; Alison Smithson, English architect, ^B{1993^B}; Stewart Granger, English-born US actor, ^B{1993^B}.
